Philosophy (from the Tarocchi, series C: Liberal Arts, #28)

before 1467

Philosophy (from the Tarocchi, series C: Liberal Arts, #28), before 1467. Master of the E-Series Tarocchi (Italian, 15th century). Engraving, hand-colored with gold; The Cleveland Museum of Art, Dudley P. Allen Fund 1924.432.28 This engraving is part of the group “C” named Liberal Arts. Conceptually, the liberal arts descended from classical antiquity, and were divided into the Trivium (Grammar, Rhetoric, and Dialectic or Logic) and the Quadrivium (Music, Geometry, Arithmetic, and Astronomy). In the Tarocchi set the total number was risen to ten, with the addition of the three disciplines (Poetry, Philosophy, and Theology). The liberal arts denoted knowledge or skills considered necessary to participate in a free society. By the late Middle Ages, they began to be represented in the visual arts as womanlike allegories.

Here, Philosofia (Philosophy) is personified as Athena, goddess of war and wisdom. She holds up a lance in her right hand, while with her left hand firmly grasps her aegis, a shield bearing Medusa’s head. This was believed to have the power of turning any opponent into stone.